Ts'ai Lun | Inventor of paper

 Ts'ai Lun, also known as Cai Lun, was a Chinese official who is credited with the invention of paper around 105 AD during the Han Dynasty.

According to historical records, Ts'ai Lun was a court eunuch who presented the new invention to the emperor as a substitute for more expensive writing materials, such as bamboo and silk.

The process of making paper from plant fibers was already known in China, but Ts'ai Lun is said to have improved upon it by adding the use of rags and other materials, such as hemp and bark, to the pulp. He also improved the process of making the paper, including the use of a mold to create a more uniform sheet of paper. The invention of paper was a significant development in the history of human civilization, as it made writing and the dissemination of information much more efficient and accessible.

It's worth noting that there's no definitive or concrete proof of Ts'ai Lun's role as inventor, and some Chinese scholars and historian proposed that the knowledge of paper making had been present in China for a long time before Cai Lun and his contribution had been exagerated.

The process of paper making was kept a closely guarded secret by the Chinese for several centuries, but it eventually spread to other parts of the world through trade and the movement of people. The Islamic world learned of papermaking from Chinese prisoners-of-war, and by the 12th century, paper mills were in operation in Spain and Italy.

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Confucius | Chinese philosopher

 Confucius was a Chinese philosopher, teacher, and political figure who lived in the 5th century BCE. He is considered the founder of Confucianism, one of the major philosophical systems in China. Confucius's teachings focused on the idea of ren, which translates to "humaneness" or "benevolence," and he believed that this quality was the foundation of personal and social ethics. He taught that by cultivating ren in oneself and in others, one could create a harmonious and well-ordered society.

Confucius's teachings emphasized the importance of education, the practice of ritual and ceremony, and the cultivation of virtues such as filial piety (respect for one's parents and elders), integrity, and sincerity. He believed that good governance was based on the ruler setting a moral example for the people to follow, and that a society in which people were kind and respectful to one another would be a stable and prosperous one.

Confucius's ideas were eventually developed into a system of thought known as Confucianism, which became the dominant philosophy in China for more than 2,000 years. Confucianism has had a profound impact on Chinese culture, shaping the way that people think and live, and influencing other cultures in East Asia.

Confucianism is quite complex and it's an important part of Chinese culture

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Buddha | Spiritual Teacher and founder of Buddhism

 Buddha is a title given to the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama. He is also known as the "Awakened One" or the "Enlightened One." Gautama lived in ancient India in the 5th century BCE and is considered one of the most important figures in the development of Buddhism.

According to traditional accounts, he was born a prince but left his royal life to live as a wandering ascetic. After many years of spiritual practice, he attained enlightenment and began teaching others about the path to liberation from suffering. His teachings and the monastic order that he established form the foundation of Buddhism.

Buddhism is a religion and philosophy that originated in ancient India and is based on the teachings of Buddha. It is a non-theistic faith, meaning that it does not believe in a creator deity or God.

The central doctrine of Buddhism is the Four Noble Truths, which teaches that suffering is an inherent part of existence, but that it can be overcome through the Eightfold Path, a set of ethical and mental principles that lead to the elimination of suffering and the attainment of enlightenment. Today, Buddhism is one of the world's largest religions, with a global following that includes both monastic and lay practitioners.

Buddha, also known as Siddhartha Gautama, was an ancient Indian prince who lived around the 5th century BCE. He is considered the founder of Buddhism, one of the major world religions. According to tradition, Siddhartha was born into a royal family and led a luxurious life in the palace, but was deeply moved by the suffering he saw outside its walls. He renounced his privileged life and set out to find a way to end human suffering. After many years of meditation and spiritual practice, he attained enlightenment and became known as the Buddha, which means "the awakened one."

Buddha taught that suffering is caused by desire and attachment, and that the path to freedom from suffering is through the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. The Four Noble Truths are the recognition that suffering exists, that it has a cause, that it can be overcome, and that the way to overcome it is through the Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path consists of right understanding, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

Buddha's teachings have been passed down through the centuries, and Buddhism has spread across the world. Today, there are many different sects and schools of Buddhism, each with its own unique beliefs and practices, but all based on the teachings of the Buddha.

Buddhism is a rich and complex philosophy and religion with many facets, if you want know more about any specific aspect, feel free to ask

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Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica", first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical mechanics. In it, Newton described his three laws of motion, which describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, as well as his law of universal gravitation, which describes the force of gravity and how it affects objects in motion.

In addition to his work in physics, Newton made significant contributions to mathematics, particularly in the area of calculus. He independently developed the concepts of the derivative and the integral, and his work laid the foundation for modern calculus.

Newton also made important contributions to optics, and he is credited with the development of the reflecting telescope. He also made important discoveries in alchemy and theology, although these works were not as widely recognized or accepted as his scientific work during his lifetime.

Overall, Newton's work laid the foundation for much of modern science, and his laws of motion and law of universal gravitation are still considered to be some of the most important scientific discoveries of all time.

He died on 31 March 1727, he was 84 years old.

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Childhood accidents

 "It simply came to our notice then. He has had this habit since childhood. ”These are some of the phrases you often hear between husband and wife or parents say about their children.

These words largely reflect certain aspects of our personality and also our predictions about our attitudes toward other human beings and the journey of our married life. But it also tells us more about our childhood and the environment in which we were raised. What our childhood was like and our current personality and character is deeply influenced by the environment and training of childhood.

Therefore, according to religious teachings, special emphasis is laid on the early education and training of children, which modern research and psychology has also proved that childhood has a very significant effect on the life, personality and character of children.

It is unfortunate that in our society there is no proper arrangement of education and training for the early education and training of children according to the modern age. Today's times have changed a lot over the last 20 years. Raising children today is a full time job that requires a lot of training and coaching. Today we cannot raise our children the way our parents raised us.

The most important part of our society is the marital life of the family but if we look at our society we can see the way this sacred bond is being disgraced or the young generation has lost its importance. We will find that it may not be as much the fault of these young people as it is the negligence and ignorance of the people who are educating and caring for them.

Recently, a research was published in the well-known magazine "Psychology Today" which examined the lives of people who had difficulties in their marital life and found out the effects of childhood trauma and negative circumstances on their lives. Was affecting his life in his youth. These are the 10 symptoms that affect the lives and attitudes of children who have suffered from inattention, difficulties, worries and frustrations in their early life:

1: Fear of rejection and abandonment: Children who have been neglected or abandoned by their parents in childhood often struggle with the fear of being abandoned until adolescence. Even though they are often unaware of this level of fear, this fear is present in them.

Although their main fear is that their partner will eventually leave them. They often express these ideas in everyday situations. For example, when their partner goes out alone, they get scared. If he walks out of the room while arguing with his partner, they get scared. This fear often manifests itself in extreme cases, such as jealousy or separation.

2: Disgust and quickly become angry at the presence of others: When we grow up in an environment where we are often criticized or we see others being criticized, we think that we are angry at the relationship. It is a natural way to express criticism of others. We believe that our shortcomings and failures are unbearable. Our partners or the people around us will not tolerate this, so we quickly become disgusted and angry with the presence of others.

3: Too much time and space needed for oneself: Growing up in a chaotic and unpredictable environment creates a lot of stress and often leaves the central nervous system of children in a state of constant mental turmoil.

Even as they get older, they need more time to cope with these symptoms of anxiety, nervousness and fear. They feel safe living at home where they can control their surroundings. And allow themselves proper time and rest. In such an extreme situation, social anxiety or people's phobia also has a profound effect on some people.

4: Lack of balanced sharing of financial and domestic responsibilities: Sometimes such people are reluctant to trust any partner due to fear of dependence on another person. They avoid taking on balanced financial and domestic responsibilities in future partnerships. Either such people take full care of the other person to this point or, conversely, rely too much on others to take care of you. Are This is a very dangerous behaviour that often causes problems.

5: The Benefits of Relationships and Staying in Relationships Despite the Loss of Relationships: When we are raised in an unstable environment, we often live with parents or caregivers who are addicted to drugs, mental illness, physical illness or death. Struggling together, children often develop a sense of guilt that arises from the desire to end a relationship. Before we can "fix" it, living with someone who is not suitable for them sometimes feels safer than being alone.

6: Constantly arguing or fighting with loved ones or avoiding quarrels at any cost Avoiding conflicts of sorts, they often fail to learn the skills necessary for effective and healthy communication. They do not know healthy and effective ways to resolve and manage conflicts, problems and issues.

7: Unfamiliarity with reconciliation after disagreement: As mentioned above, when we do not learn to resolve disputes effectively and properly, we do not even know how to restore the relationship after the inevitable conflict in the partnership. Go When and how to compromise or remain silent on an issue in such a situation is an important virtue. My grandfather used to say that relationships are maintained by human beings and not by angels. Bending is important for maintaining balance in relationships.

8: Persistent fear of not wanting: Such people often live in the shadow of the fear of getting hurt again and the fear of being alone. And they try to prove that they deserve the attention and love that they have been deprived of since childhood. Remember that with every new person comes new hopes, which is proof that you can start your new journey.

9: No need to worry about my partner leaving me: This usually happens to people whose parents and caregivers were unreliable or have left them. That is why such people fear that others will hurt them in the same way that their caregivers did to them. No human being is perfect and the journey of every human being is not always the same. So overcome your past worries and always keep in mind the element of freedom in relationships.

10ـ: Forcing your spouse to change: This is the most dangerous reaction to childhood trauma, in which most people say this to their partner. I don't like it from the beginning so don't do it. The window of change always opens slowly. Because children are helpless to change their caregiver in childhood. So now they try to change what they have, which is why they want change within their partner so that the fear in our relationship can be overcome. Second, they want to prove that if we can "fix" that person and make them a better partner, then we are capable and capable of establishing a successful relationship.

If these symptoms are present in your life, it is a clear indication that you are and will continue to have difficulties in your married life. Leading American psychologist and marriage expert John M. Gottman says that in just five minutes of talking to a married couple, I can tell if their marriage will work out.

Remember we are all human beings and we are affected by the influence of our environment and surroundings. There are many factors involved in our behaviour and personality that we do not learn ourselves but are influenced by our environment. But in today's world, having a balanced personality is no less a blessing for success in personal and professional life.

Forgive others because they are human too. Start taking 100% responsibility for your own life and attitudes from now on and try not to repeat the mistakes made by our parents and us for the betterment of our generation. Will be held responsible for the bitterness of Start the new journey of your life with yourself. Then look at the beautiful aspects of this beautiful universe with your personality.

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The first "complete map" of the human genome was presented

 Maryland: An international team of geneticists, after nearly twenty years of effort, has finally completed 100% mapping of the human genes. Which, of course, made the video an overnight sensation.

It should be noted that the global "Human Genome Project" was started in 1990 under which a draft map of the human genome was presented in June 2000.

By April 2003, when the project was completed, mapping of about 92 parts of the human genome had been completed. That is, 8% was still left, which was very difficult for experts to read.

These parts of the human genome are called "heterochromatic" which are located on the edges (telomeres) of chromosomes and in the middle (centromers).

The heterochromatic part of the human genome has a lot of repetition of the same "DNA" which made it extremely difficult to read.

Meanwhile, in 2001, various research institutes launched a new global project called "Telomere to Telomere Consortium" (T2T Consortium), which aims to move every human chromosome from one telomere to the other. "Complete" (ie, including telomeres and centromeres) and was to be read with complete accuracy. The technologies of genetic sequencing and gene mapping have become more and more advanced. And this work continued slowly.

Now, in the latest issue of the research journal "Science", the T2T Consortium has presented a 100% complete and accurate map of the human genome, which is available online for free to the whole world.

According to the details, this new and "most complete" human genome has been given the technical name of T2T-CHM13 while it also has the status of reference for future research on the human genome.

It includes a complete sequencing and mapping of 3.5 billion DNA base pairs, with no gaps or gaps between them.

While completing this new map of the human genome, scientists have also discovered another 200 million (200 million) basic pairs of DNA that we did not know about before.

99 new genes have been discovered in these 200 million basic pairs that contain clear instructions (codes) for making proteins.

In addition, about 2,000 more "candidate genes" have emerged in the same section, which need further research to make a final decision.

Not only that, but the new mapping of the human genome has also corrected the errors that were present in the previous maps.

Experts from the T2T consortium say this complete map of the human genome is the first step in a major research journey.

In the next phase, by mapping the genomes of 350 people belonging to different races, a comprehensive reference map of the genome will be compiled which will represent the whole of humanity, not just one individual or race.

Complete and error-free mapping of the human genome will not be of immediate benefit, but all of this information will be useful in the future for better genetic diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.

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Discovery of a new astronomical member of the Milky Way galaxy family

 Epiphany, Germany: We know our own galaxy as the Milky Way, which began to form 12 billion years ago. Since then, many galaxies and galaxies have been merging and becoming part of it.

But now the European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft says the process is still ongoing and that the past, present and future of the Milky Way could be shaped by this data. This can be used to construct and understand a national tree or family tree. The bottom line is that many smaller galaxies have come together to form the Milky Way as we see it today.

Khayati Mulhan and his colleagues from the Max Planck Institute, Germany's astronomical department, have carefully scrutinized Gaia's spacecraft data. They were looking for small galaxies near the Milky Way. These galaxies are located around the halo (hello) of the Milky Way, which has a saucer of young stars and old stars rising in the center. It should be noted that the old stars keep the national highway slightly brighter.

According to scientists, when outer galaxies approach the Milky Way, they begin to scatter due to gravitational waves. If this process were to take place slowly, the shape of these galaxies would become like a stream of light or a strip of stars. This wave or strip of light can be easily seen and studied by separating it from the galactic halo. And if this process starts to happen faster, then the stars of the small galaxy will start scattering faster in the halo and no very obvious signs will appear.

But keep in mind that galaxies connected to the Milky Way galaxy, large or small, may contain thousands of millions, millions, or perhaps even millions of galaxy star clusters and other smaller galaxies. That is why scientists have studied it.

So far, 170 clusters of stars, 41 bright bands of stars, and 46 small galaxies have been discovered inside or around the Milky Way. They were then divided into 6 groups based on their size, energy and momentum. Each group was merging with the national highway.

But another alien group, called the Ponts, has been dispersed by the gravitational pull of the country's highway. It is thought to have started falling into the Milky Way 8 to 10 billion years ago. This suggests that the seemingly simple Milky Way galaxy is very complex and that the Pontus Galaxy is an alien galaxy that is now approaching the Milky Way and forming it.

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